English grammar test online for PACS 28 marzo de 2022

Buenas tardes, estimada familia IPEP #inglésipep #ingléspagsypau (en Twitter).

Vamos a comprobar cómo van esos conocimientos de inglés, que ya va tocando. No olvides escribir tu correo electrónico para que me llegue tu respuesta. 

Saludos.

Text nº 44 for reflection and translation: Nadia Sukhorukova survives in Mariupol. 21 de marzo de 2022

Buenas tardes, familia IPEP #ingléspagsypau #inglésipep (en Twitter).

Despues de leer a Anastasiia se le queda a uno el cuerpo destrozado, ¿verdad? Pero, ¿miramos para otro lado o ayudamos en lo que podamos? En nuestro caso, nos toca analizar y saber qué está pasando de verdad. Y luego, actuar. 

A new video from @ZelenskyyUa pic.twitter.com/9oB8ZiMLdR

— Krishnan Guru-Murthy (@krishgm) March 20, 2022

">Hoy vamos a tratar el tema de las redes sociales, ergo, social media, en concreto, en el importante papel que está jugando como parte activa de la resistencia #resistance frente al invasor genocida ruso

Vamos a leer unos comentarios, terribles, que una increíblemente valiente mujer ucraniana, Nadia Sukhorukova, verde esperanza, ha subido a la red social Twitter, en la que describe fielmente qué está ella viviendo día a día en la asediada ciudad de Mariupol, probablemente, la ciudad más bombardeada del mundo hoy en día. 

Mariupol. Foto de Internet.

Foto de Internet

Después trabajaremos algunos aspectos gramaticales, de uso del lenguaje y temas para reflexionar.

CÓDIGOS DE COLORES:

AZUL: Traducciones.

ROJO: Aspectos gramaticales.

VERDE: Aspectos culturales.

NARANJA: Estructuras concatenadas

MORADO: Traducción y sinónimos, antónimos, etc.

Amarillo: Palabras con trampa.

Os dejo una plantilla para que, sobre la marcha, podáis ir completando con sinónimos, antónimos, etc y los significados. Espero que os sea de utilidad. Pinchad aquí para descargarla.  

TASKS:

1. Answer these questions:

1. When Nadia goes outside, are there bombs exploding outside? 

Yes, there are. /No, there aren't.

2. Why does Nadie have to leave her shelter?

3. Is the dog happy and relaxed? 

4. Is the dog crying?

5. What is the temperature outside?

6. Where are the people?

7. Is Nadia tired?

Questions:

Paragraph 3/13:

1) What has happened to the windows?

2) What do the curtains resemble?

3) Is Nadia sure she is going to die?

Paragraph 4/13:

1) What does she think will happen to her body?

2) What happened to the fire department?

3) Were there any survivors among the rescuers?

Paragraph 5/13:

1) Where are the remains of the people being put? 

2) Why?

3) Why will her body be buried?

Paragraph 6/13:

1) What is the courtyard covered with?

2) Why?

3) What happened to the building after the shelling?

Questions:

Paragraph 7/13:

1) Why does Nadia shudder?

2) What is the piece of metal lying on the yard?

3) Is Nadia afraid of living or dead people?

Paragraph 8/13:

1) How does Nadie guess that the bombs are going to fall again?

2) What is most predominant around her?

3) Is it windy at all?

Paragraph 9/13

1) Are there any more people around her outside?

2) Are they alive or dead?

3) Is she excited to see any more people?

Paragraph 10/13:

1) Are there any fires nearby? If so, where?

2) How is Nadia feeling?

3) Why and when will darkness fall again?

Paragraph 11/13:

1) Has she had another previous life? 

2) What is she feeling now?

3) What is happening to iron?

Questions:

Paragraphs 12 and13:

1) What is Nadia asking other people in the world?

2) Why?

3) Where are people in Mariupol surviving?

4) Do they have the basics to live?

5) How can you help fight the blockade of the city?

Task 2:

1) Look for a synonym of 'shake':

2) Find a verb whose definition is: 'tremble because you are cold or frightened'.

3) Look for a synonym of: burn slowly.

4) Look for a synonym of: crying.

5) Find a word whose definition is: 'hot bright stream of burning gas that comes from something that is on fire'.

Task 3: 

Make questions using the question word provided:

1) My heart simply aches. (what)

2) Mariupol art organization Platform Tu is raising funds for assistance to victims of the Russian blockade of the city. (Who) (Why)

3) The people of Mariupol must live. (Who)

4) I go back to the basement and listen to the ugly scrape of the iron. (Where) (Who) (What)

5) It was hit twice by a shell. (How many) (What..by)

6) One woman had her head torn off. (What) (Which part...)

7) The fire in the room burns as delicately as in a fireplace. (What) (where) (How) 

Saludos.

https://pixabay.com/es/photos/ucrania-bandera-niñito-destrucción-7068221/

#standwithUkraine 

斯坦与乌克兰#

ستانويثوكرين#

#стаяць з украінай

#стою з україною

կանգնել Ուկրաինայի հետ

დაუდგეს უკრაინას

#stāvēt ar Ukrainu

#ukrayna ile durmak

стоять с Украиной#

د اوکراین سره ودریږئ

kusimama na ukraine

ယူကရိန်းနှင့်အတူရပ်တည်

우크라이나와 함께 서다

Украинамен бірге болыңыз

یوکرین کے ساتھ کھڑے ہیں

kiállni Ukrajnával

לעמוד עם אוקראינה

kū me Ukraine

યુક્રેન સાથે ઊભા રહો

σταθεί με την Ουκρανία

დაუდგეს უკრაინას

#stati uz ukrajinu

#stáť za ukrajinou

#stojijo z ukrajino

#Ukrainarekin egon zaitez

#seisoo Ukrainan kanssa

#qëndrojnë me Ukrainën

#mit der ukraine stehen

#ukraynanın yanında durun

#ယူကရိန်းနှင့်အတူရပ်တည်

#застанете с украйна

#stát s ukrajinou

English grammar test online for PACS 18 de marzo de 2022

Buenas tardes, estimada familia IPEP #inglésipep #ingléspagsypau (en Twitter).

Os dejo a continuación un test de 25 preguntas sobre todos los aspectos gramaticales que hemos ido trabajando a lo largo del curso. 

¡Suerte!

Grammar: Making questions in English. 16 de marzo de 2022

Buenas tardes, estimada familia IPEP #inglésipep #ingléspagsypau (en Twitter).

Llueve levemente, pero lo suficiente para que el barro sahariano vuelva a la tierra que lo vio nacer. 

Ayer martes 15 estuvimos trabajando un poquito de gramática, en concreto, cómo hacer oraciones interrogativas, que seguro que alguna caerá en vuestro examen.

Podemos hacer preguntas cuya respuesta es 'si' o 'no', o si eres gallego, 'bueno, pues, depende', que tienen una estructura muy, muy fácil, o bien, podemos preguntar por datos concretos, como ¿por qué, cuándo, cómo, qué, quién, dónde, etc?

https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-mariupol-descends-into-despair-708cb8f4a171ce3f1c1b0b8d090e38e3

¿Cuántos aviones y helicópteros del ejército invasor ruso han sido ya abatidos por el ejército Ucraniano?

Ка-52 орди в хлам💥
привіт із Вознесенська
📹Геннадій Собко pic.twitter.com/X96Ao2zdoy

— Злий Конопляний Джмелик (@DimSel007) March 16, 2022

Veamos algunos ejemplos de oraciones interrogativas de la prensa de hoy:

Si nos fijamos en los colores rojo, azul y verde, nos indica qué tipo de palabra es y el orden que deben seguir en la oración, siempre fijo.

👉👉👉👉Vamos a jugar un rato con esta frase:

'Los refugiados de Ucrania llegaron ayer a la estación en el autobús de las 20:00.'

'The Ukranians refugees arrived at the bus station at 20:00 yesterday.'

Tanto colorín responde a todas las preguntas que, sobre esa frase, podemos hacer, en concreto, 6 preguntas (o más).

1) Who arrived at the bus station at 20:00 yesterday?

¿Quién llegó a la estación de autobuses ayer a las 8 de la tarde?

2) Where were the refugees from?

¿De dónde eran los refugiados?

3) When did the Ukrainians refugees arrive at the bus station?

¿A qué hora llegaron los refugiados a la estación de autobuses?

4) Where did the Ukrainians refugees arrive at yesterday?

¿Dónde llegaron los refugiados de Ucrania ayer?

5) How did the Ukrainians refugees arrive at the station yesterday?

¿Cómo llegaron los refugiados de Ucrania ayer a la estación?

6) What time did the Ukrainians refugees arrive at station yesterday?

¿A qué hora llegó el autobús con los refugiados de Ucrania a la estación ayer?

Y, ahora, os toca a vosotros: en la siguiente ficha tenéis que hacer preguntas con la partícula interrogativa que veréis al final de cada frase:

Review 10: Sports and news. 10 de marzo de 2022.

Buenas tardes, estimada familia IPEP #inglésipep (en Twitter).

Comenzamos una serie de ejercicios dedicados a revisar los puntos principales del programa del curso.

Hoy toca: Sports and news.

Nota: Los textos están seleccionados tanto del programa CREA como de otras fuentes, a quienes doy las gracias y cito, pero todos tienen el nivel del curso.

CÓDIGOS DE COLORES:

AZUL: Traducciones.

ROJO: Aspectos gramaticales.

VERDE: Aspectos culturales.

NARANJA: Estructuras concatenadas

MORADO: Traducción y sinónimos, antónimos, etc.

Amarillo: Palabras con trampa.

Os dejo una plantilla para que, sobre la marcha, podáis ir completando con sinónimos, antónimos, etc y los significados. Espero que os sea de utilidad. Pinchad aquí para descargarla.

Texto nº 1:

A FALLEN CHAMPION

Imagen en Flickr de Nick Leonard bajo CC

Liu Xiang won the 110-meter hurdles gold medal in Athens 2004 and became a symbol for Chinese people. However, he couldn’t imagine what fate had in store for him.

All eyes in China were on Liu at the London Olympics, as he sought to redeem himself after not qualifying in his first-round heat at the Beijing 2008 Olympics. However, he didn’t qualify for the semifinals either. Fortunately, this time he got a sympathetic response, a stark contrast to the public outcry over his withdrawal from the Beijing 2008 Games.

Liu knocked over the first hurdle, injuring his right ankle and aggravating an Achilles tendon injury. Liu then hopped on his left foot down the remainder of the track in a symbolic completion of the race, pausing to kiss the final hurdle. This gesture surprised everyone at the stadium positively since in Beijing 2008 his abrupt withdrawal brought his coach, fans, and reporters literally to tears in the stadium. Chinese fans denounced him as a "coward" who should have finished the race before quitting. 

As Liu is already 29, he is not expected to compete in another Olympics but he still holds the world's second-fastest record after Cuba's Dayron Robles. This time only fate has been cruel to the great Chinese champion. 

 

Antes de traducir el texto nos gustaría hacer unas aclaraciones sobre expresiones que aparecen en el texto.

What fate had in store for him. Esta es una expresión hecha que viene a ser lo que en español queremos decir cuando decimos Lo que el futuro le tenía guardado o le depararía.

Heat tiene muchos significados, pero aquí significa prueba eliminatoria.

A stark contrast: stark suele ir con contrast para indicar que hay un contraste evidente.

Outcry es protesta pero aquí suena mejor decir clamor.

He is not expected to compete... Esto es una forma pasiva muy peculiar que significa No se espera que él compita...

Texto nº 2:

The Olympic Games.

The Olympic Games have been used as a platform to promote political ideologies almost from its beginning. Nazi Germany wished to portray the National Socialist Party as benevolent and peace-loving when they hosted the 1936 Games, though they used the Games to display Aryan superiority. Germany was the most successful nation at the Games, which did much to support their allegations of Aryan supremacy, but notable victories by African American Jesse Owens, who won four gold medals, and Hungarian Jew Ibolya Csák, blunted the message.

The Soviet Union did not participate until the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Instead, starting in 1928, the Soviets organized an international sports event called Spartakiads. During the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s, communist and socialist organizations in several countries, including the United States, attempted to counter what they called the "bourgeois" Olympics with the Workers Olympics. It was not until the 1956 Summer Games that the Soviets emerged as a sporting superpower and, in doing so, took full advantage of the publicity that came with winning at the Olympics.

Individual athletes have also used the Olympic stage to promote their own political agenda. At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, two American track and field athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, who finished first and third in the 200 meters, performed the Black Power salute on the victory stand. The second place finisher, Peter Norman of Australia, wore an Olympic Project for human rights badge in support of Smith and Carlos. In response to the protest, IOC president Avery Brundage told the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) to either send the two athletes home or withdraw the track and field team. The USOC opted for the former.

Currently, the government of Iran has taken steps to avoid any competition between its athletes and those from Israel. An Iranian judoka, Arash Miresmaeili, did not compete in a match against an Israeli during the 2004 Summer Olympics. Although he was officially disqualified for being overweight, Miresmaeli was awarded US$125,000 in prize money by the Iranian government, an amount paid to all Iranian gold medal winners.

https://haytipos.com/periodicos/

Texto nº 3:

Broadsheets

Broadsheet refers to the most common newspaper format, which is typically 11 to 12 inches wide and 20 or more inches long. Many of the most respected newspapers - The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall St. Journal, and so on - are broadsheet papers. Broadsheet papers are usually six columns across.

Beyond their size, broadsheet papers tend to employ a traditional approach to news that emphasizes in-depth coverage and a sober tone in articles and editorials. 

Tabloids

In the technical sense, tabloid refers to a type of newspaper that typically measures 11 X 17 inches and is five columns across, narrower than a broadsheet newspaper. Since tabloids are smaller, their stories tend to be shorter than those found in broadsheets.

Tabloids also tend to be more irreverent and slangy in their writing style than their more serious broadsheet brothers. In a crime story, a broadsheet refers to a police officer, while the tabloid calls him a cop. And while a broadsheet might spend dozens of column inches on "serious" news - say, a major bill being debated in Congress - a tabloid is more likely to zero in on a heinous sensational crime story or celebrity gossip

In fact, the word tabloid has come to be associated with the kind of supermarket checkout aisle papers - such as the National Enquirer - that focus exclusively on splashy, lurid stories about celebrities.

Saludos y nos vemos la semana próxima, Dios mediante.

Review 9: Arts, museums and culture. 10 de marzo de 2022

Buenas tardes, estimada familia IPEP #inglésipep  (en Twitter).

Comenzamos una serie de ejercicios dedicados a revisar los puntos principales del programa del curso.

Hoy toca: Arts, museums and culture.

Nota: Los textos están seleccionados tanto del programa CREA como de otras fuentes, a quienes doy las gracias y cito, pero todos tienen el nivel del curso.

CÓDIGOS DE COLORES:

AZUL: Traducciones.

ROJO: Aspectos gramaticales.

VERDE: Aspectos culturales.

NARANJA: Estructuras concatenadas

MORADO: Traducción y sinónimos, antónimos, etc.

Amarillo: Palabras con trampa.

Os dejo una plantilla para que, sobre la marcha, podáis ir completando con sinónimos, antónimos, etc y los significados. Espero que os sea de utilidad. Pinchad aquí para descargarla.

Texto nº 1:

Do you want me to get your ticket?

Joe: So,what shall we do today?

Peter: I’d like to go to the video games exhibition at the MOMA*.

Joe: Oh, no, I don’t fancy that.

Peter: Oh, go on. I really want to see it. There's Pac-Man and Space Invaders. And I’d love you to come with me.

Joe: Oh, alright. How much is it?

Peter: Let me check on internet. Right, it’s $8, but there's a discount for pensioners -only $5.

Joe: I’d prefer it if we went a bit later, at 6 o’clock.

Peter: Great, I’ll see you there at 6. Do you want me to get you your ticket?

Joe: OK, and I’ll pay for pizza afterwards.

Peter: See you there.

*MOMA: Museum of Modern Art

Texto nº 2:

Imagen en Flickr de moriza bajo CC

A: What are you up to?

B: Nothing much. I'm bored.

A: Well, let's do something fun. What about going to the swimming pool?

B: No, that's too tiring.

A: OK, I know, let's go to the cinema.There's a new film, Tarantula. It's supposed to be really frightening.

B: Too frightening, I heard. Mary said she was scared to death. Anyway, I haven't got any money.

A: You're not exactly being very positive, are you? 

B: Well, sorry,it's just so boring here.

A: Well, let's do something fun then!

https://stacker.com/stories/12763/pablo-picasso-life-story-you-may-not-know

Texto nº 3:

Pablo Picasso: The life story you may not know

Pablo Picasso was an unrivaled titan of 20th-century art. He influenced and collaborated with such fellow creative geniuses as Henri Matisse and Georges Braque, and the works of his Blue Period and his Rose Period are familiar to even the most casual museum-goer.

In politics, Picasso took an unwavering stand against fascism in his homeland. After a visit in 1934, he vowed not to return to Spain so long as the dictator General Francisco Franco was alive, and he never went home again. In joining the French Communist Party, he declared: “I have always been an exile, now I am one no longer; until the time when Spain may finally receive me, the French Communist Party has opened its arms to me.”

His giant masterpiece “Guernica” makes a stronger case against war than many a written word or argument. Less well known is Picasso’s poetry, an art form in which he immersed himself before the Spanish Civil War broke out and so deeply affected him. He penned plays as well, and he created stage sets and wardrobe costumes for ballet productions in Paris.

With so many facets to Picasso’s enormous creativity and profound influence, Stacker compiled a list of events and facts from his life that you may not know, drawing from historical chronicles, museum archives, biographies, and articles in the media.

Saludos y nos veremos la próxima semana, Dios mediante.

Review 8: Work, training and education. 10 de marzo de 2022

Buenas tardes, estimada familia IPEP #inglésipep #ingléspagsypau (en Twitter).

Comenzamos una serie de ejercicios dedicados a revisar los puntos principales del programa del curso.

Hoy toca: Work, training and education.

Nota: Los textos están seleccionados tanto del programa CREA como de otras fuentes, a quienes doy las gracias y cito, pero todos tienen el nivel del curso.

CÓDIGOS DE COLORES:

AZUL: Traducciones.

ROJO: Aspectos gramaticales.

VERDE: Aspectos culturales.

NARANJA: Estructuras concatenadas

MORADO: Traducción y sinónimos, antónimos, etc.

Amarillo: Palabras con trampa.

Os dejo una plantilla para que, sobre la marcha, podáis ir completando con sinónimos, antónimos, etc y los significados. Espero que os sea de utilidad. Pinchad aquí para descargarla.

 

https://www.freepik.es/foto-gratis/mujer-cansada-trabajando-tarde-plazo_15420088.htm

Texto nº 1:

Frida´s new job

Less than fifty per cent of the working population in UK has a full time, long term job with a permanent employment contract. People are now attracted to or forced into part-time work, self-employment, temporary employment, job sharing and freelance contracts. And this is happening all over Europe.

The "job for life" is dead. Our parents and grandparents may have found jobs which offered them security and a regular salary, but the whole economic climate has changed. Frida Wells, unemployed, gave up on her teaching career and tells us about her new job:

"I´ve always enjoyed photography and it is something where you learn a lot from experience. I graduated in French and German but I couldn´t find a job as a teacher. I was feeling very frustrated and depressed. My friends thought my pictures were good and encouraged me to try and make a living at it. I started in October and I´m getting confidence and contacts. I have also helped other photographers. At the moment I´m developing my own style so that I can get work doing album covers and magazine photography. I like doing portraits and I enjoy black and white photos, but what I really like best is colour work".

Texto nº 2:

Do you have any previous work experience?

Interviewer: So, you apply for the Saturday position, right?

Jason: Yes, I do.

Interviewer: Can you tell me why do you reply to our advertisement?

Jason: Well, I was looking for a part-time job to help me through university. And I think that I´d be good at this kind of work.

Interviewer: Do you know exactly what you have to do as a shop assistant?

Jason: Well, I imagine I must help customers or check the supplies in the shop.

Interviewer: Yes, you must also keep the front of the shop tidy. What qualities have you got to be a shop assistant?

Jason: I´m hard-working and very responsible. I´m also optimistic and a reliable person among my friends.

Interviewer: Do you have any previous work experience?

Jason: Yes, I worked part-time at a take-away in the summer holidays. 

Interviewer: OK. That´s all. Thank you for coming along the interview. We´ll make our decision next week.

https://orientacion-laboral.infojobs.net/preguntas-entrevista

Texto nº 3:

Director of fun.

A 6-year-old boy, Sam Pointon, who wanted to become the director of York´s National Railway Museum got himself a job - as the director of fun.

    The ambitious child got a plum role at the National Railway Museum after applying to replace retiring boss Andrew Scott.

    Sam sent a handwritten letter headed "Application for director" asking for an interview at the centre, in York. The letter listed his credentials for the role, including his expertise on his train set.

    "I am only 6 but I think I can do this job. I have an electrick (sic) train track. I am good on my train track. I can control two trains at once" he wrote.

    The museum staff was so impressed that they appointed Sam an honorary "Director of Fun" and his job will be to show how he thinks they can ensure the museum is the most fun place for kids to spend a day out.

    Mr. Scott said that Sam´s letter was a real delight to read, so it was a pleasure to offer him the position.

Saludos y nos veremos la próximas semana, Dios mediante.

Review 8: Money and consumerism. 10 de marzo de 2022

Buenas tardes, estimada familia IPEP #inglésipep #ingléspagsypau (en Twitter).

Comenzamos una serie de ejercicios dedicados a revisar los puntos principales del programa del curso.

Hoy toca: Money and consumerism.

Nota: Los textos están seleccionados tanto del programa CREA como de otras fuentes, a quienes doy las gracias y cito, pero todos tienen el nivel del curso.

CÓDIGOS DE COLORES:

AZUL: Traducciones.

ROJO: Aspectos gramaticales.

VERDE: Aspectos culturales.

NARANJA: Estructuras concatenadas

MORADO: Traducción y sinónimos, antónimos, etc.

Amarillo: Palabras con trampa.

Os dejo una plantilla para que, sobre la marcha, podáis ir completando con sinónimos, antónimos, etc y los significados. Espero que os sea de utilidad. Pinchad aquí para descargarla.  

Texto nº 1

THE CREDIT CARD KID

Walter Cavanagh owns 1,497 active credit cards valued at $1.7 million. Aside from holding the world record for the most number of credit cards, he also owns the world's longest wallet, measuring 250 feet in length and 38 pounds in weight, with a capacity to hold 800 cards. Dubbed  "Mr. Plastic Fantastic" by the Guinness Book of World Records, Walter has been listed in the book annually since 1971. Cavanagh has been tracking directories of US businesses to send as many credit card applications as he can. 

Imagen en Wikimedia Commons de Lotus Jefe bajo CC

His fascination with credit cards all started in the later 1960s when he and his pharmacist colleague in California vied to collect the most credit cards to win a bet, the price of which was a fancy dinner. Cavanagh, who was fresh from Peace Corps at that time, was able to collect 143 cards by year end, defeating his friend who just collected 138. This feat earned him his first Guinness Book title.
He used to apply for one or two cards a week. There was even a time when he applied for 300 cards in just one month. He sometimes unknowingly applied for a card he already owned. When his application was declined, he would send a letter to the issuer explaining his purpose for seeking credit card approval, which is to maintain his world title. All of his credit card applications were accepted except one for J.J. Newberry. His application was denied in the early 1970s by the company when a large number of cards had been already amassed by Cavanagh. Four decades later, Cavanagh still doesn't own a Newberry credit card. 

The retired financial planner used to take his collection with him wherever he traveled. One got him into trouble when it set off a metal detector in a Texan airport. His briefcase was inspected by the guards and hundreds more were found. The culprit was the sterling silver credit card issued by the defunct Mapes Hotel, the first casino hotel in Reno. The card, a collector's item, grants unlimited credit privileges, said Cavanagh. 

Imagen en Flickr de v i p e z bajo CC

His credit cards were issued by various establishments such as ice cream stores, airlines, bars and gas stations. His cheapest credit card has a maximum credit of $50. From green cards to gold cards, Cavanagh has the most diverse collection of credit cards. His cards come from every state in the Union and some even come from foreign countries like Canada, the UK, Germany, Norway and Mexico.
All of his 1,497 cards are valid. But Cavanagh only uses one of them and keeps the rest in a safe-deposit box. The majority of his cards have never been used or signed by him. He pays his due on time, which gives him an almost perfect credit score.
"Never use a card to buy anything you can't pay off in a couple of months", he says. " If you don't have the discipline, you shouldn't have the cards"

Texto nº 2:

Saving time by Shopping Online

With the rise of the internet is it unsurprising that retailers have jumped on the opportunity to offer goods online whenever they can. Reaching a far wider group of people, clever online campaigns can be used by retailers to advertise their goods as much as possible. While retailers benefit, shopping online also offers you and me, the consumers on the street a huge range of benefits as well. 

One of the best reasons to shop online is the ability to save time. Modern lives are considered to have become very busy, with work and leisure activities quickly taking over all the hours of the day. While some lucky guys may love nothing more than to hit the high street and shop, others simply don't have the time as they are too busy with their families or with work. This is where online shopping is becoming increasingly important as valuable time which can be put to better use elsewhere may be saved. 

A major benefit is that no travel time is needed if you want to shop online. While an entire morning may need to be set aside for grocery shopping, browsing the internet before buying goods can be done in an instant. It can be done within the comfort of your own home, meaning that it can be done at any time of day whenever you get a spare moment. Search options are also assumed to reduce shopping time significantly. Whereas in a shop you have to browse through items, in an online store you can instantly look for what you need and want. Prices are often cheaper too, with online retailers not having to pay large overhead expenses for brick-and-mortar shops and many retailers such as M and M, direct discount vouchers can be found. And with search options often offering categories, pricing ranges, sizes, or quantities, life can be made much quicker and easier 

Over the past few years food shopping online has become particularly popular, with a range of both high street and online retailers offering delivery services. This is expected to be a brilliant way of saving time as not only can you get your items delivered, but many websites provide online baskets which will remember the foods bought previously. A weekly shop can then be done by simply reordering a standard basket, taking only a few minutes of your valuable time. 

Online clothes' shopping can also save a huge amount of time, and while you may believe that the returns procedure is complicated, many stores have taken steps to make it as easy as possible. Valuable time can be saved by utilising search facilities available on websites, allowing you to search for garments by size, colour, prices, or even brand. A number of websites style guides are also offered, a great benefit if you find a top you like but are not sure of a suitable pair of trousers for example. Meanwhile, by shopping at online outlets such as M and M, direct discount codes can be found and the returns process is often free and as easy as simply filling out a small coded sheet and popping items into the post. And for anyone who is pushed for time and would rather spend valuable moments enjoying their family and hobbies, online shopping is considered to be a fantastic time saving opportunity.

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Texto nº 3:

ADVERTISING

As the economy expanded during the 19th century, advertising grew alongside. In the United States, the success of this advertising format eventually led to the growth of mail-order advertising. In 2010, spending on advertising was estimated at $142.5 billion in the United States and $467 billion worldwide. 

In June 1836, the French newspaper La Presse was the first to include paid advertising in its pages, allowing it to lower its price and extend its readership.The formula was soon copied by all titles. Around 1840, Volney B. Palmer established the roots of the modern day advertising agency in Philadelphia. In 1842 Palmer had large amounts of space traded in various newspapers at a discounted rate then resold the space at higher rates to advertisers. The actual ad - the copy, layout, and artwork - was still prepared by the company wishing to advertise; in effect, Palmer was a space broker. By 1900 the advertising agency had become the focal point of creative planning, and advertising was firmly established as a profession. 

At the turn of the century, there were few career choices for women in business; however, advertising was one of the few available. Since women were responsible for most of the purchasing done in their household, advertisers and agencies recognized the value of women's insight during the creative process. In fact, the first American advertising to use a sexual sell was created by a woman - for a soap product. Although tame by today's standards the advertisement featured a couple with the message "The skin you love to touch". 

Modern advertising was created with the innovative techniques used in tobacco advertising beginning in the 1920s, most significantly with the campaigns of Edward Bernays, who is often considered as the founder of modern Madison Avenue advertising. 

Advertising has gone through five major stages of development: domestic, export, international, multi-national, and global. For global advertisers, there are four, potentially competing, business objectives that must be balanced when developing worldwide advertising: building a brand while speaking with one voice, developing economies of scale in the creative process, maximising local effectiveness of ads, and increasing the company's speed of implementation. Commercial advertisers often seek to increase consumption of their products or services  through "branding", which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate certain qualities with the brand in the minds of global consumers.If they have their image broadcast on TV, the radio, in the press, it helps it to stick in consumers' minds. 

While advertising can be seen as necessary for economic growth, it is not without social costs. Unsolicited commercial e-mail and other forms of spam have become so prevalent as to have become a major nuisance to users of these services. Advertising is increasingly invading public spaces, such as schools, which some critics argue is a form of exploiting children . In addition, advertising frequently uses psychological pressure (for example, appealing to feelings of inadequacy) on the intended consumer, which may be harmful. Many even feel that, often, advertisements exploit the desires of a consumer, by making a particular product more appealing, or by manipulating the consumers' needs and wants.

Saludos y nos veremos la próxima semana, Dios mediante.