2º BACHILLERATO
3rd Term Mastery
Unidad Didáctica Integral: Modal Verbs, Modal Perfects y Reported Speech.
📍 ROADMAP DE LA UNIDAD
1. Modal Powers
Presente, deducción, prohibición y el uso crítico de Had Better en el entorno laboral.
2. The Past Regrets
Dominio de los Modal Perfects: equivalencias lógicas y rephrasing de nivel EBAU.
3. The Echo Office
Reported Speech: transformaciones temporales y verbos de reporte avanzados.
📊 MASTER TABLE: MODALS & SEMI-MODALS
| Verb | Type | Function | Work Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Can | Modal | Ability / Permission | I can manage datasets. |
| Could | Modal | Past Ability / Request | Could you help me? |
| Will | Modal | Future / Intentions | I will lead the project. |
| May / Might | Modal | Probability | AI might change our tasks. |
| Must | Modal | Obligation / Deduction | You must sign the NDA. |
| Should | Modal | Advice | You should ask for a raise. |
| Would | Modal | Hypothetical | I would like to join. |
| Have to | Semi-Modal | External Obligation | I have to work in shifts. |
| Ought to | Semi-Modal | Moral Advice | We ought to be inclusive. |
| Had better | Semi-Modal | Strong Warning | You 'd better not be late! |
| Need to | Semi-Modal | Necessity | You need to update your CV. |
Repasa la teoría fundamental y practica con ejercicios directos de modales.
01
MODALS IN DEPTH
A. Modales de Presente y sus Matices
💪 1. Ability & Skill (Habilidad)
"I can analyze financial trends."
(Habilidad general o puntual en el presente)
"She could speak five languages when she was 20."
(Habilidad general en el pasado)
"I haven't been able to find the payslip yet."
Tip: Úsalo para tiempos que Can no tiene (Future, Present Perfect, Gerunds).
🔑 2. Permission & Requests (Permiso y Peticiones)
"Can I use the photocopier?"
(Informal)
"Could you help me with this task?"
(Formal/Polite)
"May I come in, sir?"
(Very formal)
⚖️ 3. Obligation & Necessity (Obligación y Necesidad)
"I must call the manager today."
(Sientes que es tu deber personal)
"We have to clock in before 9:00."
(Obligación impuesta por normas o leyes)
"You need to update your CV if you want a promotion."
📢 4. Advice & Suggestion (Consejo y Sugerencia)
"You should prepare for the interview."
Ought to es más formal pero idéntico en significado.
"Shall I carry those folders for you?"
Usado en 1ª persona (I/We) para ofrecimientos.
🚫 5. Prohibition & Lack of Necessity
"You mustn't share your passwords."
ESTÁ TOTALMENTE PROHIBIDO
"You needn't come on Saturday."
NO ES NECESARIO (SI QUIERES, VIENES)
🔮 6. Probability & Possibility
"It may rain today."
(50% Prob.)
"We might win."
(Remote Prob.)
"It could be true."
(Theoretical)
🧐 7. Logical Deduction (Presente)
"The lights are on. He must be at work."
"He is in Tokyo. He can't be at work today."
🚀 8. Future Intentions & Predictions (Will)
"I will send you the final draft by noon."
Decisión instantánea o promesa formal.
"Experts believe AI will transform every industry."
Predicciones basadas en lo que creemos.
🚨 RED FLAG: Common Errors
- Error: He can
tospeak English. ➔ Correct: He can speak English. - Error: I didn't
mustgo. ➔ Correct: I didn't have to go. - Error: She
mustswork. ➔ Correct: She must work. (No se añade 's' en 3ª pers).
B. Had Better Masterclass: Warnings
Se usa para consejos con una **consecuencia negativa** real. Had Better + Infinitive (no 'to').
➕ Affirmative Examples:
- "You 'd better check the AI report before the meeting."
- "We had better invest in upskilling training this year."
- "You had better research the company or you won't get the job."
➖ Negative Examples:
- "You had better not share your access keys."
- "Employees had better not ignore safety regulations."
- "You 'd better not miss the deadline for the application."
02
MODAL PERFECTS
Estructuras Clave (Equivalencias Lógicas)
| Estructura | Equivalencia / Significado | Uso en EBAU |
|---|---|---|
| Must have + PP | Deducir positivamente (It is certain that...) | Certeza sobre el pasado. |
| Can't have + PP | Deducir negativamente (I am sure it didn't...) | Incredulidad sobre el pasado. |
| Should have + PP | Consejo no realizado (It was a good idea, but...) | Lamento o reproche. |
| Might / May have + PP | Posibilidad pasada (Perhaps... / Maybe...) | Incertidumbre. |
| Needn't have + PP | Acción hecha innecesariamente (...but I did it) | Acción sobrante. |
✏️ REPHRASING CHALLENGE
Reescribe las frases sin cambiar el significado original.
1. It was a mistake for you to shout at her.
➔ You (should)
2. I'm sure she didn't take your keys. She was with me.
➔ She (can't)
3. Perhaps he forgot about the meeting.
➔ He (might)
4. It's certain that they missed the train.
➔ They (must)
5. I bought a lot of food, but it wasn't necessary.
➔ I (needn't)
6. It was wrong of them not to tell us the truth.
➔ They (ought)
Soluciones y Explicación Lógica
1. You shouldn't have shouted at her.
Explicación: "It was a mistake" → Reproche negativo. Como fue un error hacerlo, usamos shouldn't have + participio.
2. She can't have taken your keys.
Explicación: "I'm sure... didn't" = Deducción negativa basada en pruebas. Usamos can't have + PP.
3. He might have forgotten the meeting.
Explicación: "Perhaps/Maybe" = Posibilidad. Se usa might have + PP.
4. They must have missed the train.
Explicación: "It's certain... did" = Certeza de que algo ocurrió. Usamos must have + PP.
5. I needn't have bought so much food.
Explicación: Acción ya realizada que resultó ser innecesaria. Usamos needn't have + PP.
6. They ought to have told us the truth.
Explicación: "It was wrong not to" = Debería haberse hecho. Usamos ought to have + PP.
Consejos para Selectividad:
- Fíjate en si la frase original es afirmativa o negativa.
- "It was a pity/mistake" suele transformarse con should have.
- "I'm sure" + pasado ➔ must have.
- "I'm sure... not" + pasado ➔ can't have.
03
REPORTED SPEECH
A. The Backshift Master Table
B. Questions & Orders
Questions (No 'do/does/did')
Wh-: "Where do you work?" ➔ He asked me where I worked.
Yes/No: "Do you like coding?" ➔ She asked if I liked coding.
Orders & Requests (To / Not to)
"Sign the contract!" ➔ He told me to sign the contract.
C. Advanced Reporting Verbs
Verb + -ING
"He suggested working from home."
Verb + To-Inf
"She offered to help."
Verb + Obj + To
"They warned me not to quit."
04
FINAL REVISION CHALLENGE
Part 1: Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)
Rewrite the following sentences starting with the words given.
1. "I bought this car yesterday," he said.
➔ He said that...
2. "Where are you going to spend your holidays?" she asked me.
➔ She asked me...
3. "Did you finish the report on time?" the boss asked him.
➔ The boss wanted to know...
4. "Don't open the window, please!" the teacher told the students.
➔ The teacher ordered the students...
5. "Let's go to the cinema tonight," Peter said.
➔ Peter suggested...
- He had bought that car the day before / the previous day.
- where I was going to spend my holidays.
- if / whether he had finished the report on time.
- not to open the window.
- going to the cinema that night.
Part 2: Modal Verbs & Perfect Modals
Rewrite the following sentences using a suitable modal or perfect modal verb.
1. I am absolutely sure he is British; he has a strong accent.
➔ He...
2. I am sure they didn't steal the money; they were with me.
➔ They...
3. It was a terrible mistake to lie to your parents.
➔ You...
4. It isn't necessary for you to bring a towel to the gym.
➔ You...
5. Smoking is strictly forbidden in this area.
➔ You...
- He must be British.
- They can't have stolen the money.
- You shouldn't have lied to your parents.
- You don't have to / needn't / don't need to bring a towel.
- You mustn't / can't smoke in this area.
✅ Feedback para el Éxito
Aprovecha estas soluciones para entender por qué se hace cada cambio. En Selectividad, un pequeño error en un pronombre o en una expresión de tiempo suele invalidar la respuesta entera. ¡Revisa con ojo crítico!
