DESAFÍOS GLOBALES Y HUMANOS: Migration A Historical & Future Perspective "Radiografía del Examen de PAGS 2026"

NeuroEnglishGlobal

PAGS Exam Preparation • 2026 Social Issues

Desafíos Globales y Humanos

Migration
A Historical & Future Perspective

"Radiografía del Examen de PAGS 2026"

@NeuroEnglishMMP

Roadmap de Aprendizaje

01

History

Conflict & Movement

02

Reading

Full Perspective

03

Quiz

16 Questions

04

Listening

Brain Drain

05

Glossary

Migration Terms

Las 4 Claves del Éxito en el Examen

Cronología

Usa el Scanning para ordenar eventos: Guerra Civil (1936), WWII (1945), Éxodo (1960).

Causa y Efecto

Distingue entre factores de empuje (guerra) y atracción (empleo).

La Paradoja

Entiende el doble flujo: "Brain Drain" (salida de talento) vs Inmigración.

Predicción Futura

Localiza el factor clave del futuro: el cambio climático y los refugiados climáticos.

📚 Study Guide: Key Vocabulary Listen & Hover

Displacement

Aftermath

Border

Fled

Brain drain

Underground economy

Cohesion

Pension system

Drought

Homeland

Reading Analysis

Historical & Future Perspective

Migration is a fundamental part of the human story. In the case of Spain, the country has transitioned from being a land of emigrants to becoming a major destination. Understanding this phenomenon requires looking at the past, current socio-economic challenges, and an uncertain future.

A History of Movement

History shows that mass displacement is often the result of conflict. For example, in the aftermath of World War II, between 1945 and 1948, it is estimated that between 12 and 14 million people were forced to move across Europe due to redrawn borders and political instability.

Spain has its own history of movement. After the Civil War (1936-1939), hundreds of thousands fled due to poverty and persecution. Later, in the 1960s, approximately 2 million Spaniards moved to booming economies like Germany or France. Today, the trend has reversed, with over 6 million foreign-born residents living in Spain. Paradoxically, the country also suffers from a "brain drain," as thousands of highly-educated young graduates now emigrate in search of better salaries abroad.

The Human Reality and Social Challenges

Families usually move due to a combination of "push factors" (war or poverty) and "pull factors" (hope for safety and jobs). However, the reality upon arrival is complex. Many immigrants initially fall into the underground economy, working without legal protection. This creates an ethical dilemma: while these workers are essential for sectors like agriculture, they often face exploitation. Furthermore, the rapid pace of migration can challenge social cohesion, as misinformation can lead to prejudice or integration difficulties in local communities.

The Benefits of a Diverse Society

Despite these tensions, a balanced view recognizes the advantages. Economically, immigrants fill essential roles and help sustain the pension system in a country with an aging population and a low birth rate. Culturally, they enrich society with new perspectives, ensuring that Spain remains a vibrant, globalized nation.

The Next Decade: Climate and Conflict

In the next 10 years, global migration is expected to reach unprecedented levels. While economic inequality persists, the primary driver will be Climate Change. It is estimated that tens of millions of "climate refugees" will move toward the Global North as droughts and rising sea levels make their homelands uninhabitable.

In conclusion, migration is not a temporary problem but a structural reality. By managing it with empathy, fighting labor exploitation, and focusing on integration, societies can transform these complex movements into opportunities for mutual growth.

A shared future.

PAGS ENGLISH EXAM

Migration Mock Exam

16 preguntas sobre movilidad global. ¡Supera la frontera!

1. SUMMARY: How has Spain's role in migration changed?

2. Detail: How many people moved across Europe after WWII (1945-1948)?

3. Detail: Why did Spaniards emigrate in the 1960s?

4. What is the "Brain Drain" mentioned in the text?

5. Which of these is a "Pull Factor"?

6. What is the "underground economy"?

7. Benefit: How do immigrants help the economy?

8. Future: What will be the primary driver of migration in the next decade?

9. Synonym: "Fled" means...

10. Grammar: "Millions were forced to move." (What structure is this?)

11. Vocabulary: What does "Aftermath" mean?

12. Connector: "Despite these tensions..." What does "Despite" express?

13. Inference: Why can migration challenge "social cohesion"?

14. Detail: Why will "homelands" become uninhabitable?

15. Detail: How many foreign-born residents live in Spain today?

16. Conclusion: Migration should be seen as...

Sociological Perspective

Track 1: The Brain Drain Paradox

Listen to Dr. Almudena, a sociologist, explain the current Spanish duality. (Duration: ~1:30)

Good afternoon. I'm Dr. Almudena, a researcher at the University of Seville. Spain is currently living a fascinating contradiction. On one hand, we urgently need immigrants. Our birth rate is one of the lowest in Europe—less than 1.2 children per woman. Without the workforce from Africa and Latin America, our agriculture and care sectors would collapse tomorrow. But here is the paradox: while we import labor for essential services, we are exporting our best talent. Last year alone, forty thousand engineers and nurses left Spain for Northern Europe because salaries there are triple what they are here. It's a double movement: we lose brain power at the top, and gain essential hands at the bottom. The challenge for the next decade is not just how to integrate newcomers, but how to convince our own children to return home.

1. Topic

What contradiction does Spain face?

2. Demographics

What is the birth rate mentioned?

3. Economy

Which sectors would collapse without immigrants?

4. Brain Drain

Why did 40,000 engineers and nurses leave?

5. Detail

Who are we losing "at the top"?

6. Inference

What is the "challenge for the next decade"?

GLOBAL-CRAFT: Vocabulary Crossing

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@NeuroEnglishMMP - Global Edition

Preparing for Global Awareness 2026

PRIMARY SECTOR EVOLUTION: THE AGRI-FOOD REVOLUTION. "Feeding the World with Tech & Innovation"

NeuroEnglishAgri

PAGS Exam Preparation • The Agri-Food Revolution

Primary Sector Evolution

THE AGRI-FOOD
REVOLUTION

"Feeding the World with Tech & Innovation"

@NeuroEnglishMMP

Agri-Career Roadmap

Sovereignty

The Shift

Reading

Industry Guide

Vocab

Tech Terms

Exam

26 Tasks

Listen

FoodTech Lab

Agri-Food Vocabulary Lab

Agri-Food & Tech

The Agri-Food Revolution

It is time we acknowledged the vital role of the primary sector. As a matter of fact, widespread strikes against the Mercosur treaty have recently paralyzed roads across Europe; consequently, the importance of food sovereignty is clearer than ever. It is generally believed that agriculture is an old-fashioned trade, yet the reality is quite different. Due to modernization, vocational training offers three major Higher Technician cycles.

Firstly, the Higher Technician in Landscaping and Rural Environment, which allows direct contact with nature, is ideal for those who love the outdoors. Secondly, the Higher Technician in Viticulture is a fascinating option for students whose passion is wine production. However, the third option, the Higher Technician in Processes and Quality in the Food Industry, offers superior stability.

It is this specific cycle that bridges the gap between the field and the supermarket. Whereas traditional agriculture relies on weather, food processing is constant. Complex subjects related to biochemistry as well as food safety are taught rigorously in this course. Unless strict protocols are followed, public health is put at risk. Providing you graduate from prestigious centers like IES La Rosaleda in Málaga or IES Santo Domingo in El Puerto de Santa María, you ought to find a job quickly. Furthermore, English is essential in this globalized market; actually, a technician with strong language skills need not fear unemployment regarding exports.

Salaries might reach €26,000 initially, with high employability. You would rather earn a stable income than rely on harvest luck, wouldn't you? By the end of the decade, the industry will have been fully transformed by 'FoodTech'. You might have thought farming was low-tech, yet digitization is revolutionizing the supply chain. As long as people eat, this industry will thrive.

PAGS ENGLISH EXAM

Agri-Food Qualification

26 Questions + Listening Activity. Achieve mastery!

1. What is the purpose of the guide?

2. Why is sovereignty important now?

3. "It is time we _______ the vital role of the sector."

Grammar: It's Time

4. What does Viticulture involve?

5. "...students _______ passion is production."

Repasar Relatives

6. "Agriculture relies on weather, _______ processing is constant."

Repasar Connectors

7. "_______ strict protocols are followed, public health is at risk."

Repasar Conditionals

8. Which centers are mentioned?

9. You _______ find a job if you graduate.

Repasar Modales

10. What does "actually" mean?

Repasar False Friends

11. A technician _______ fear unemployment regarding exports.

Repasar Modales

12. By 2030, the industry _______ transformed.

Repasar Verb Tenses

13. Which cycle is more stable?

14. Bridges the gap _______ the field and market.

15. Biochemistry _______ food safety are taught rigorously.

Repasar Connectors

16. What is revolutionizing the supply chain?

17. Strikes _______ paralyzed roads.

Repasar Verb Tenses

18. Salaries reach:

19. Ideal for those who love the outdoors and nature.

20. You would rather earn a stable income, _______ you?

Repasar Question Tags

21. You _______ have thought farming was low-tech.

Repasar Modales

22. "As long as people eat, this industry thrives."

Repasar Connectors

23. "It is this cycle that _______ the gap."

Repasar Cleft Sentences

24. The manager _______ us not to risk health.

Repasar Reported Speech

25. I wish I _______ known about this cycle.

Repasar Wishes

26. These cycles allow students _______ Engineering.

Repasar Verb Patterns

Listening Activity:
The Agri-Food Specialist

Level: B1/B2 • Duration: 2 min

L1. Where does the speaker, Carlos, currently work?

L2. What is Carlos's main responsibility regarding batches and safety?

L3. How has technology changed the industry according to him?

L4. Which skill does he emphasize for exports?

L5. Based on his tone, what can you infer about his job satisfaction?

L6. What can be concluded about the link between VET and University?

AGRI-TECH: Build the Chain

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@NeuroEnglishMMP - Agri-Food Edition