Cómo usar 'that, who, which, whose, why...' Oraciones de relativo en inglés, Exercices and key.

 '

Foto de @mmolpor

The solitary poplar, whose shade spread all over the stoned square, dominated the entire village.'

Buenas tardes.

Durante la clase de hoy, con el fútbol en las pantallas de algún móvil que otro de fondo -sabia decisión- hemos corregido 3 fichas de ejercicios de relativos, tal y como estaba previsto. 

Ya damos por cerrado este bloque de contenidos hasta más adelante, puesto que ya hemos explicado, profundizado con creces en cómo se forman este tipo de oraciones llamadas de 'relativo', tanto explicativas -las que llevan las comas-, como las especificativas.

Os dejo las respuestas de la ficha nº 11, para unir frases, que es lo más probable que os encontréis en vuestros exámenes.

👉Picha aquí para descargarla.

1. Mary's father, who was a carpenter, collected fossils.

    Mary's father, who collected fossils, was a carpenter.

2. Mary had a younger bother whose name was Joseph.

    Mary had a younger bother who was called Josep.

3. The Martínez lived in Josefa Regis, which is a tiny village in the south coast.

4. Mary, who was fascinated by fossils, found a Rex.

    Mary. who found a Rex, was fascinated by fossils.

5. She also discovered a Tiranosaurus Minimus, which died 50 million years ago.

6. The Duke of Buckingham, who was very rich, bought the fossils for 150 pounds.

     The Duke of Buckingham, who bought the fossils for 150 pounds, was very rich.

7. Mary also found lots of smaller fossils, which were bought by museums all over the world.

8. Mary, who was a very famous duchess, was visited by the King of Saxony.

    Mary, who was visited by the King of Saxony, was a very famous duchess.

9. Crossford, which is miles from here, has only two hundred inhabitants.

    Crossford, which has only two hundred inhabitants, is miles from here.

10. The person who /that made the arrangements was Karen.

11. Mr Perkins, who could not hear the phone ringing, is bit deaf.

      Mr Perkins, who is a bit deaf, could not hear the phone ringing.

12. Mandy, whose name was not on the list, was not very pleased.

👉Pincha para descargar el ejercicio Ficha nº 5: 

Nota: en los casos en los que se puede no usar el relativo -porque detrás tiene un sujeto- pondré las respuestas entre paréntesis. 

1.  The girl ...(whom /who/that )............ you were speaking to is my cousin Mary.

2.  My cousin Mary, ...whom.......... you were speaking to just now, has a great admiration for your work.

3.  This house, ...which........... was built over a hundred years ago, is still occupied by the same family.

4.  The house ...(that /which)........... my grandfather built over a hundred years ago is still standing.

5.  His close friend, Frank Martin, with ...whom............ he had been associated all his life,  

 eventually was known to be a famous thief. 

6.  His close friend, Frank Martin, the man ..(that /who.)............. he had been associated all his life,  

 eventually was known to be a famous thief.

7.  Sally is the girl ..whose............ horse I was telling you about.

8.  Sally, .....whose............ horse won the race last Saturday, is thinking of entering it for the   

 Derby.

9.  Do you know the street ...where........ he lives?

10.  Descartes Street, ...where......... I live, was name after the philosopher.

11.  Was that the day ...when........ it rained all morning?

12.  The year 1914, ...when............. the First World War broke out, marked the end of nineteenth century values.

13.  Have you any idea of the reason ....why.......... these things happen?

14.  She resigned because of her bad health, ....which.......... made it impossible for her to do her job properly.

15.  His daughter applied to enter the university ...where........... he had studied years ago.

16.  His daughter applied to enter the University of Cambridge, ....where.......... he had studied himself.

17.  At the time .....when.......... I met her, she was an artist.

18.  At that time, .....when............ I first met her, she was an artist.

19.  I expect employees to give me a reason ....why........... they are late.

20.  I was late because of the bus strike, .....which............ made it necessary for me to take the underground.

21.  The town .....where.......... I grew up has changed in recent years.

22.   Granada, ....where............ I grew up, has changed in recent years.

23.   In 1957, ......when.......... my brother was born, I was still living here.

24.   I was still living there ...when.......... my brother was born.

    
    

    
    

    👉Pincha aquí para descargar el ejercicio Ficha nº 4:

    
    

    
    
    
    

    
    

    
    

    
    

    
    

    1. USE WHO, THAT, WHICH OR WHOSE TO COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

    
    

    1. Whales and dolphins both make sounds....which........in some ways resemble a language.

    2. People.......who.......... work with dolphins are surprised at how intelligent they are.

    3. One scientist.....who...........has studied dolphins carefully is John Lilly.

    4. He was the director of an institute...which..............became famous for its research.

    5. Carl Sagan is a man.....whose............interests go beyond astronomy.

    6. Another man.....whose.........work with chimpanzees has become well known is Roger Fouts.

    7. Fouts,.....who...........has studied the behaviour of other animals, taught us a sign language.

    8. Fouts taught us the sign language....which...........is used by deaf people in America.

    9. 'Deaf' is the word used in English for someone.....who............is unable to hear.

    
    

    In which of the above sentences can you also use 'that'?

    
    

    In which sentence can you only use 'who' and not 'that'?

    
    

    
    

    2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH  "WHAT-THAT- WHICH"

    
    

    1. That’s the dog.....which /that..........bit me.

    2. He has broken his left hand,......which.........is the one he writes with.

    3. This is not.....what...........I want.

    4. Don’t tell me.....what......... to do.

    5. I have got something....that /which.........might interest you.

    6. They called him Philip,....which....... in Ancient Greek means "love of horses".

    7. He did everything.........that........ was asked of him.

    8. He called me a liar,......which..............made me furious.

    9. .......What............... I do in my free time is none of your business.

    10. He writes a lot of poems.......that /which...............nobody ever reads.

    11. He drives at 100 mph,...which.........is dangerous, not only for him, but for other people  too.

    12. Have you seen......what.............my son has done to the car?

        
        

        See you next week.

        Your teacher.

Cómo usar 'that, who, which, whose, why...' Oraciones de relativo en inglés. Exercices and key 1.

https://comoaprenderinglesbien.com/ejercicios-de-relative-clauses/

Comenzamos con un resumen muy útil de la página web https://www.aprenderinglesrapidoyfacil.com/2014/08/17/pronombres-relativos-en-ingles-relative-pronouns/ a quienes doy las gracias por ofrecer su magnífico trabajo en abierto.

Aquí tenéis de nuevo el enlace a la ficha que hemos corregido hoy, y las respuestas las dejo a continuación.

Ficha 3.b

RESPUESTAS:

1. The man who /that lent me this hammer lives next door.

    The man who /that lives next door lent me this hammer.

2. The girl who /that was standing behind me on the queue fainted.

    The girl who /that fainted was standing behind me on the queue.

3. Have you met the family that have just moved into the house next door?

4. The man, whose company sells computers, phoned me this morning.

5. What was the name of the car which /that won the Car of the Year award?

6. That is the man who I was talking about last night.

That is the man that I was talking about last night.

That is the man I was talking about last night.

That is the man about whom I was talking last night.

7. Did you like the photo which /that I took of you and your husband?

Did you like the photo I took of you and your husband?

8. What did you do with the eggs which /that I bought this morning?

What did you do with the eggs I bought this morning?

9. The man you spoke to on the phone was my father.

The man to whom you spoke on the phone was my father.

The man who /that you spoke to on the phone was my father.

10. They bought a house which /that was very expensive.

11. She was the only one that remembered my birthday.

12. I met a Japanese tourist who /that lives north of Kyoto.

13. I know the girl who /that is going to marry my cousin.

14. Last week, I meet a friend whose husband is an astronaut.

15. Here is a photo of the hotel where we stayed for a long weekend.

16. Peter is going to marry a girl whose sister is in my class.

17. We saw the palace where Henry VIII lived.

18. Marial Proust was the most successful playwriter in the late 20s when he wrote his most famous books.

19. Marie went to New York in 1929 where a film director met him.

20. His most famous book, which was Heirloom, was loved by his audiences.

Audiences loved his most famous book, which was Heirloom.

Y mañana, más.

Saludos.

Reading comprehension. Why Europe's energy prices are soaring and could get much worse

Buenas tardes, estimados alumnos.

Foto cortesía de Toluna Influencers.

Para esta semana, en la que ya ha llegado el frío a Jaén como Dios manda, 0 grados esta noche, vamos a leer un texto sobre el precio de la luz. Es de nivel avanzado, porque el de la semana pasada fue muy fácil.

Y ahora, a trabajar: 

CÓDIGOS DE COLORES:

AZUL: Traducciones.

ROJO: Aspectos gramaticales.

VERDE: Aspectos culturales.

NARANJA: Estructuras concatenadas

MORADO: Traducción y sinónimos, antónimos, etc.

Amarillo: Palabras con trampa.

Os dejo una plantilla para que, sobre la marcha, podáis ir completando con sinónimos, antónimos, etc y los significados. Espero que os sea de utilidad. Pinchad aquí para descargarla.

En los exámenes suelen poner textos de temas de actualidad, y ahora que nos calentaos a bofetadas -o poco queda para ello- toca aprender vocabulario sobre este tema.

Para ello, he cogido prestado un texto de un periódico online EURONEWS, titulado:

foto de @mmolpor del periódico en la web

 Why Europe's energy prices are soaring and could get much worse.

Europe is battling a record-breaking surge in energy prices that threatens to derail the post-pandemic economic recovery, strain household incomes and even tarnish the nascent green transition.

A series of market, geographic and political factors have coalesced into a perfect storm that shows no signs of abetting as the continent enters the autumn season, temperatures gradually decrease and heating becomes indispensable.

Analysts are already warning the crisis, which is exacerbated by a mixture of temporary and structural problems, will be prolonged and the worst may yet to come.

Prices of natural gas are skyrocketing: at the Dutch Title Transfer Facility, Europe's leading benchmark, prices have risen from €16 megawatt per hour in early January to €88 by late October, a hike of more than 450% in less than one year. This, in turn, has sent electricity prices skyrocketing.

Although the European Union is gradually cutting down on its long-time dependency on fossil fuels – renewables became the bloc's main source of electricity for the first time in 2020 – the shift has not been fast and widespread enough to contain the fallout from the crunch.

Together, natural gas and coal still supply more than 35% of the EU's total production, with gas representing over a fifth. The energy mix is vastly different across the bloc: fossil fuels have a marginal share in Sweden, France and Luxembourg, but take up more than 60% of total production in the Netherlands, Poland, Malta and Cyprus.

As coal, the most polluting fuel, is progressively phased out, many countries resort to natural gas as a transitional resource to act as a bridge before green alternatives, like wind turbines and solar panels, are rolled out. Moreover, gas is also used for residential heating and cooking, making the price surge even more noticeable in the final expenses of consumers.

Citizens in countries like Spain, Italy, France and Poland are now facing all-time-high energy bills that add to the economic woes caused by the pandemic. The popular discontent has put governments on high alert, with ministers scrambling to come up with emergency measures, they're short-term and only partially effective to cushion the impact.

In Italy, Roberto Cingolani, minister for the ecological transitions, has already warned Italians to expect a 40% increase in their bills over the next months. France said it will send one-off €100 payments to over 5.8 million low-income households. In Spain, the government has promised to bring prices down to 2018 levels. Madrid also sent a letter to Brussels asking for EU-wide action. "We urgently need a European policy menu pre-designed to react immediately to dramatic price surges," the letter said.

But as the crisis spills over the bloc and citizens express increasing concern, it's unclear how much power the European Union can exert to rein in the excesses of a liberalised energy market whose primary source comes from outside its own borders.

Why are Europe's energy prices soaring?

"This is about a surge in demand for energy as we come out of the restrictions imposed by the pandemic, combined with a reduced supply of gas on the global market," Tim Gore, head of the Low Carbon and Circular Economy programme at the Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), told Euronews

"Then there are other factors exacerbating the problem, particularly in Europe. We have succeeded in getting coal off the grid, and that happens to coincide with a period recently where wind power has been lower because of the weather."

Trouble began brewing in the winter when colder-than-expected temperatures led to a higher-than-usual power demand to warm up buildings. This triggered a marked decrease in gas reserves, which reached a worrisome 30% by March. In spring, as the vaccination campaign gained traction around the continent, business activity began to intensify rapidly, with offices, restaurants and other venues reopening their doors and consumers pouring in, eager to spend their lockdown savings.

The economic recovery prompted a new wave of energy demand, which further increased during the summer when sweltering temperatures pushed people to use air conditioning and cooling systems. East Asian countries then joined Europe in the quest for energy to kick start their COVID-ravaged economies. However, the growing demand was not met with a growing offer.

"The pipeline supplies we get from countries like Russia, Norway and Algeria, despite this higher price, have not actually supplied more gas to Europe. They have kept their suppliers quite at the regular volumes. And that's a bit strange because normally if the price goes up and you're a supplier and you have spare capacity, you could use this opportunity to sell more gas at a higher price. That hasn't happened yet," Dennis Hesseling, head of infrastructure, retail and gas at the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER), told Euronews.

With companies from all around the world trying to get their hands on energy sources, prices began steadily rising. By August, they were breaking records. Traditionally, gas is cheaper during summertime and companies seize the moment to store it in large volumes to be well prepared before winter arrives. But the ongoing price crisis disrupted the custom and current reserves are historically low for this time of the year, an ominous sign for the coming months.

"If we get a particularly cold winter again this year, that's going to be a tough period and prices will continue to rise as a result," added Gore.

"Governments should be preparing now and putting in place the measures to respond and help households through the period. There is still time."

Rising gas prices have driven up the general price of electricity by over 230% in the last year. The connection between the two is based on the of the EU energy market, which has become increasingly integrated over the past decades.

Today, the bloc's wholesale electricity market works on the basis of marginal pricing, also known as "pay-as-clear market". Under this system, all electricity producers – from fossils fuels to wind and solar – bid into the market and offer energy according to their production costs. The bidding starts from the cheapest resources – the renewables – and finish with the most expensive one – usually natural gas.

Since most countries still rely on fossil fuels to meet all their power demands, the final price of electricity is often set by the price of coal or natural gas. If gas becomes more expensive, electricity bills inevitably go up, even if clean, cheaper sources also contribute to the total energy supply.

This "coupling" of electricity and gas prices has been criticised by several member states, chief among them France and Spain, who argue the final bill doesn't reflect the benefits of the green transition.

But a majority of member states, together with the European Commission, don't share this assessment and still defend the marginal pricing method as the most efficient, transparent and competitive for the bloc's liberalised market.

Brussels believes that, by making renewables the cheapest and most attractive option during the bidding, the system creates an incentive to switch to low-carbon technologies, stimulates investments and reduces the need for state subsidies.

The alternative model, the so-called "pay-as-bid" system, would enable all energy producers to offer the price they want from the market, not the price based on generation costs. This, the Commission says, would reduce transparency and lead to costlier bills.

Suspicions over Russia's role in the crisis

The surprising lack of new supplies from Russia, which is the EU's leading gas exporter, is raising fears that Moscow wants to capitalise on the crisis to make the case in favour of the controversial Nord Stream 2 pipeline. The 1,230-kilometre conduct running under the Baltic Sea and directly linking Russia and Germany is now complete but hasn't begun operations due to bureaucratic hurdles. The project has been heavily criticised inside and outside the EU for perpetuating the bloc's dependence on fossil fuels and extending President Putin's geopolitical influence.

wikipedia

Gazprom, the pipeline's main backer, and the Russian government have denied any involvement in the energy crunch but insist the pipeline should be put to work "as soon as possible". For his part, Putin has mocked the EU for refusing to sign long-term contracts and moving towards more flexible arrangements. He also said Russia could deliver 10% more gas if Nord Stream 2 is approved.

Critics, however, think the timing of the crisis seems too favourable for the Kremlin's agenda.

"Having carried the authorisation for the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, a bilateral Russian-German vision which is not part of a shared vision of Europe and doesn't respect the Ukrainian territory, has weakened Europe's position as a guarantor of the common good in favour of mercantilism of some strong countries like Germany," said Carlo Andrea Bollino, a professor at the University of Perugia.

"This can be attributed to Brussels. The EU didn't have the courage to say no to Germany."

A group of more than 40 Members of the European Parliament have sent a letter to the European Commission asking "to urgently open an investigation into possible deliberate market manipulation by Gazprom and potential violation of EU competition rules".

The suspicions about the Kremlin's deliberate interference have reached Washington, one of the most vocal critics against Nord Stream 2.

We want to all have our eye on the issue of any manipulation of gas prices by hoarding or the failure to produce adequate supply," US Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm said during a visit to Warsaw.

Enlace al texto completo con imágenes y gráficos.

IMPORTANT GRAMMAR POINT HERE: DUE TO

https://materialsenglish.com/grammar/using-due-to-owing-to-because-of-and-on-account-of/

See you next week!

Saludos, familia.

Y para concluir hoy, ¿qué tal un poco de Aretha?